indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
beginning; outset; first; onset
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
strict; severe; stringent; rigorous; rigid; firm
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
plural; multiple; several
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
order; system; structure; set-up; organization; organisation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to stand watch; to stand guard; to look out; to open (one's eyes) wide
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sleepiness; drowsiness; the sandman; Morpheus
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fatigue; weariness; exhaustion; tiredness
dim; hazy; vague; indistinct; faint; fuzzy
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to slacken; to loosen; to relax; to slack off (e.g. one's work, attention); to not put one's heart in
originally; by nature; from the start
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
door; gate; opening; title page