recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to dream (i.e. while asleep); to have a dream; to dream (of the future); to have a fleeting experience
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
... years since construction; ... years old (of a building); built in ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
draft; draught; cold air entering through the crack of a door or window; cooling off of a relationship; draft of cold air between two persons
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to insert; to put in; to have a griping pain; to flow in; to shine in
water supply; water service; channel; strait; water course; waterway
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
drop of water; vessel for replenishing inkstone water
to hang; to droop; to give (e.g. lesson, instruction, scolding) (to someone of lower status); to confer; to drip; to ooze; to leave behind (at death)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
alone; by oneself; on one's own
care-taking; house-sitting; house-watching; caretaker; house-sitter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
whole family; entire family; all over the house; throughout the house; retainer of a daimyo; feudal domain
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching