indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cool; refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes); bright; clear; distinct
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
first day of autumn (approx. August 8); first day of fall
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
extended leave; long vacation
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drag along; to pull; to force someone along; to prolong; to drag out; to influence strongly
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
depression; melancholy; dejection; gloom; despondency
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
home area; home town; local
school; proof (of a book, document, etc.); counter for proofs
comparatively; relatively
studies; schoolwork; classwork
regarding highly; attaching importance to
school centred on preparing students to get into university; high-level school a person has entered
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
head; brains; intelligence
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings