indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener); like that; that sort of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
while; during; while; although; all; both
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
being filled with; being full of; permeation
small room; closet; cubicle; booth; stall
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
hammer; mallet; sledge(hammer); gavel
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
price; cost; value; worth; value
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
superior; first-class; excellent; (that's) just fine!; bring it on!
small; fine; minute; minor; trivial; sensitive
wood chips; wood offcuts; wood shavings; sawdust
origin; source; history; originally; from the start; by nature
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to model on; to make in the shape of; to represent; to symbolise
metal plate; metallic plate
multicolored; multicoloured; of various colors; diverse; of all kinds; all manners of
paint; coloring materials; colors; colours
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
size; large and small (sizes); various sizes; daishō (matched pair of long and short swords); large and small drums; long months and short months; sic bo (Macao dice game)
writing brush; paintbrush; writing with a brush; drawing with a brush; writing (composing text); the written word
crowded; packed; crammed; cramped; filled; overflowing
to roll; to tumble; to fall over; to roll over; to lie down; to be scattered about; to be lying around