hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
somehow or other; for some reason or another; without knowing why
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to act lovestruck; to be fawning; to act affectionate
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see someone off (at a station, an airport, etc.); to escort (e.g. home); to follow something with one's eyes until it is out of sight; to let pass; to pass up (an opportunity etc.); to shelve (a plan, deliberation on a bill, etc.); to postpone
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to push someone (towards); to encourage someone
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
regret; repentance; remorse
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
crystal; crystallization; crystallisation; fruits (of labor, union, etc.)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as