indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
God; god; ace; king; superior person
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah