indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
while; during; while; although; all; both
keenly; deeply; calmly; quietly; fixedly (e.g. gazing, staring)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
ability to take action; ability to take initiatives; energy; dynamism; drive
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
quick; swift; nimble; quick (understanding, judgement, etc.); alert; prompt
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged