indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
face; mask; face guard; striking the head (in kendo); surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
thick; bulky; massive; heavy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; fine; excellent; favorable; favourable; satisfactory
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
mediation; good offices; go-between; building a bridge
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
people (of a country); nation; citizen; Democratic Party for the People
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become widely known; to become well-known; to spread (of a rumor, reputation, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
(transplant) rejection; strong reaction (against)
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to underrate; to make light of
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to weather (a storm, rough seas); to ride across; to get through (adversity); to weather; to load completely (e.g. books on a shelf, people or luggage in a car)
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about