indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
alarm clock; waking up; keeping oneself awake; type of candy given to a child after it wakes up from a nap
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cavity; hollow; void; hollow (voice, smile, etc.); blank (eyes, look, etc.); vacant (expression, stare, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to drag along; to pull; to force someone along; to prolong; to drag out; to influence strongly
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
unpleasant; disagreeable; displeasing; uncomfortable; unhappy
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
futon; Japanese bedding consisting of a mattress and a duvet; round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to dive (into or under water); to get under; to get into; to hide oneself (esp. from the government); to conceal oneself
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to rise; to erect; to get up
willpower; energy; vitality
to amass; to accumulate; to store; to leave unpaid
honestly speaking; in truth; in all honesty; to be frank
the whole day; all the day
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
long-term hospitalization
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
to a surprising degree; to a remarkable extent; surprisingly; astonishingly; amazingly; alarmingly
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out