indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
gloomy (e.g. mood); depressing; irritating; troublesome; heavy (weather); cloudy
to reverberate; to resound; to echo; to have one's fame spread; to be renowned
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
numeral; figure; digit; numeric character
vivid; bright; brilliant; skillful; skilful; adept
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to take over; to hand over
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
switching over to; migration; transition
shock (psychological); crisis (esp. financial); event that rattles the markets; shock (physical, mechanical); shock (e.g. due to lack of blood flow); trauma
to soften; to calm down; to be eased; to be mitigated; to subside; to abate
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
to be helpful; to be useful
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(move) slowly (e.g. walk); sluggishly; stolidly; ploddingly; heavily
to get out of bed; to show a leg