long time; long interval; for quite some time
to go to bed; to go to sleep; to fall asleep; to be laid up (with a cold); to be ill in bed
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
gloomy (e.g. mood); depressing; irritating; troublesome; heavy (weather); cloudy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
the front; honesty; uprightness; decency; normality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
don't you think?; indicates question
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be too numerous; to be too much
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to jump out; to rush out; to appear (suddenly); to protrude; to project; to butt in
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
selection; choice; option
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
how long; how much; to what extent
unreasonable; irrational; outrageous; absurd
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
attitude; manner; behaviour; attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
mindset; outlook; view; way of looking at things; perspective
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach