indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't you think?; indicates question
door; gate; opening; title page
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)