indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
charm; talisman; tally; sign; mark; fu
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
senior high school; high school
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
certification; attestation; authentication; Imperial attestation
terminal; computer terminal; information access device (smartphone, tablet, book-reader, etc.); end (e.g. of a roll of film)
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to consider as; to regard (as equivalent); to deem (as); to equate
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
crevice; crack; spare moment; interval; chink (in one's armor, armour); unpreparedness
security hole; vulnerability
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
student (esp. a university student)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember