hesitation; bewilderment; illusion; delusion; inability to reach enlightenment
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hesitation; indecision; vacillation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
stairs; stairway; staircase
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
myself; yourself; I; me; you
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
both hands; both arms; ten
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to open out (of a view, scenery, etc.); to spread out; to improve (of luck, prospects, etc.); to get better; to develop (of a town, civilization, etc.); to become civilized; to be sensible
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
rooftop structure, e.g. tower, elevator machine room, etc.
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
in accordance with; following; roughly; about; Street; Avenue
gentle; mild; meek; tender