indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
among (other things); especially; particularly; inter alia; above all (else)
mountain climbing; mountaineering
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to jar; to creak; to grate
while; during; while; although; all; both
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to row; to scull; to pedal (e.g. bicycle); to swing (on a swing); to operate a hand pump; to push through (deep snow, the jungle, etc.)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
mountain road; mountain trail
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
(stage) appearance; performance; participation (e.g. in a tournament)
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to