indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
vague; ambiguous; shady; disreputable; fuzzy
to give an answer; to find an answer to a question; to work out a solution
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to pass (of time); to elapse
summer vacation; summer holiday
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
club activities; extracurricular activities
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
to turn up; to make an appearance; to put in an appearance; to drop by
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
to stay indoors; to be confined indoors
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
morale (of troops, team, etc.); esprit de corps
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to be worried; to be troubled
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work