indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
maze; labyrinth; inner ear
to become; to appear like; to have a touch of; to look like
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come and go; to go back and forth
hustle and bustle; throng; crowd; congestion; traffic jam
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to knock (ideas) against each other; to present competing ideas; to have a lively exchange of ideas; to smash together; to crash into each other; to throw at each other
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to creep up; to crawl up; to overcome (a bad situation); to rise (after a setback)
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
long-established shop; shop of long standing; old shop
to be conspicuous; to stand out
signboard; sign; draw; attraction; reputation (of a shop); name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to be noticeable; to notice; to catch one's eye
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very