indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story); head of household
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't you think?; indicates question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
reality; actuality; hard fact
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...