indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
kitchen knife; carving knife; (arch.) cooking; (arch.) food
assorted vegetables for sukiyaki (esp. green onion)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
choices; alternatives; options
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof