indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come to mind; to pop into one's head
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
loveliness; charm; allure; colour and scent; color and scent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
happiness; blessedness; luck; luckily; fortunately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; follower; attendant; retinue
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
travelling incognito (traveling); special palanquin for carrying a daimyo or his wife incognito
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
stickiness; gumminess; sticky material; clay
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning