Age of Discovery; Age of Exploration
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
elegance; grace; refinement; good taste
world history; international history
to concern; to be related
losing a battle; lost battle; battle one cannot win; battle one is doomed to lose
among (other things); especially; particularly; inter alia; above all (else)
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
Muromachi period (1333-1573)
reaching a stopping place; settling down (before the next stage); getting to a point where one can rest; one paragraph
abruptly (rising); slowly (rising); plump; rotund
dead body; corpse; cadaver; carcass
to be haggard; to be gaunt; to be emaciated; to be worn out (e.g. illness, worry)
to shrivel (e.g. cut vegetables, skin); to wilt; to fade; to wither; to be wizened
single; solo; solitary; just one; only one
whistle (sound made with the lips)
constraint; reserve; feeling hesitant; being afraid of troubling someone
rate; ratio; profit; assignment; 10%; unit of ten percent; match
interest (on a loan, deposit, etc.)
finance; financing; credit transacting; monetary; financial; credit
black-market lending; illegal loan
state of mind; mental state; mental attitude
yoo-hoo; halloo; hi-de-ho; howdy; hey
to seize (someone) by the collar; to grab (someone) by the scruff of the neck; to collar (someone)
amount left over; remaining portion
practice; practising; experience
outsider's perspective; as seen by an observer