indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
(fictional) character; character; personality; persona
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
hello; good day; good afternoon
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
how; in what way; how about
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
by means of; due to; because of; according to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)