indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Yamato (ancient name for Japan)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to lick; to lap; to taste; to experience (esp. a hardship); to look down on (someone); to make fun of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.); resilience; spring
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
to knit; to plait; to braid; to compile (anthology, dictionary, etc.); to edit
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
(some) more; even more; longer; further