indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
blocking (e.g. the way); obstructing; block (lump of something (usu. square), area of town, etc.); block; physical record (e.g. on magnetic tape); concrete block; blocking (from view, esp. of websites, on social media, etc.)
change; modification; alteration; revision; amendment
number of times; frequency; count
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
item; something that one "just has to have"
server; (cake) server; (water) dispenser; server (tennis, volleyball, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
invalid; void; ineffective; unavailable
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
(large) parrot (incl. the cockatoo)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
please (give me); please (do for me)
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
selection; choice; option
progress; being under way
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
valid; effective; yuko (judo)
report; notification; tip; message (in information and communication theory)