indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
to lift up; to hold up; to give; to offer; to devote; to sacrifice
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
chalice (for Holy Communion); Holy Chalice; Holy Grail
to have a talk; to tell a story
bottle; jar; decanter; flagon; phial; vial
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
knob; handle; snack (to have with a drink); side dish; a pinch (e.g. of salt); (file) handle
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
black magic; sorcery; magic tricks; juggling
drop (e.g. of water); drip
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
mourning; (arch.) calamity; (arch.) misfortune
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
number of times; frequency; count
retirement (from the world); seclusion
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to increase; to add to; to augment
spirit; sprite; energy; vigor (vigour); fine details; semen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
please (give me); please (do for me)