indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
black; black (coffee); without cream or milk; exploitative (esp. of employees); overly harsh; boldface
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
please (give me); please (do for me)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
white; correction fluid; white-out
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
hello; good day; good afternoon
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at