indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please (give me); please (do for me)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
hello; good day; good afternoon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
right to challenge; right to make a challenge
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to talk; to chat; to chatter
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be able (to); to be possible (to)