indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
place; situation; position; location
management; dealing with; course of events; circumstances; end result (usu. bad); outcome
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
selection; choice; option
to join together; to combine; to join up
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
establishment; institution; installation (of a machine or equipment)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
again; once more; a second time
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
image; figure; figure; form; image
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
in range; within the limits (of...); within (a) range
to bring down (an animal, opponent, etc.); to kill; to shoot dead; to shoot down