indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
another meeting; meeting again; reunion
daily routine; daily work; daily lesson
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to have a talk; to tell a story
neighborhood; vicinity; environs; approaching
to pull apart; to separate; to have a lead over; to pull ahead of; to outdistance
patrolling; one's rounds; inspection tour; watchman; patrolman
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)