indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
honor; honour; credit; prestige
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
cheers; bottoms-up; toast; drink (in celebration or in honor of something); drinking one's glass dry
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach