indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
spirit of a dead person; ghost; departed soul
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
goods; materials; commodities; resources; supplies
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
service entrance; delivery entrance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
adds force or indicates command
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
button (clothing); push-button