dissemination; scattering; sprinkling; spraying
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
mass driver; electromagnetic catapult
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to face; to go towards; to head towards
happiness; blessedness; luck; luckily; fortunately
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
power; motive power; dynamic force; three-phase electricity
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to work; to labor; to labour; to put to work; to make (someone) work
central control room; main control room
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
large; large-sized; large-scale; big
kind; sort; type; similar example; parallel; the like
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
civilized person; civilized people
grave marker; gravestone; headstone; writing on a headstone (name, date of death, etc.)
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to act arrogantly; to be puffed up with success; to behave like one is better than others
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging