indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
check (pattern); plaid; check; inspection; check (mark); tick; checking (something) out
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryō system or Meiji Grand Council system)
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
your will; your pleasure; your wish; certainly; as you say; you are quite right
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to do; to perform; to carry out; (arch.) to serve; (arch.) to wait upon; (arch.) to attend
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no change; no difference; no unusual events; no accidents; no incidents
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
state (of affairs); situation; appearance; look(s); sign; indication
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
royal capital; imperial capital
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
possibility; chance; potential; potentiality; possibility (modal property of a proposition containing no logical contradiction)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
news; word; tidings; omen; foreboding; premonition
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
(urban) prefecture (i.e. Osaka and Kyoto); centre (e.g. of learning); center; (government) office; fu (administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam)
representation; representative; exemplification; typification; leader; switchboard number
discussion; talk; tête-à-tête; conference
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...