indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
check; plaid; checking; monitoring; check (banking); cheque
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
your will; your pleasure; your wish; certainly; as you say; you are quite right
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no change; no difference; no unusual events; no accidents; no incidents
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
royal capital; imperial capital
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
potentiality; likelihood; possibility; availability
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
news; word; tidings; omen
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
discussion; talk; tête-à-tête; conference
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...