indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to face; to go towards; to head towards
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
please (give me); please (do for me)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
to repeat; to do something over again
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
style; way; shape; form; appearance; state
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
or something; for instance ... (though there are other suitable options); ... or ...; as soon as; right after; while still
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
interior; inside; internal
preference; priority; precedence
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment