indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
(in a) long time; long time (ago); while (ago); long ago; long while (ago); (in a) long while
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
dizzily; giddily; spinning; boiling up
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
what with this and that; for a number of reasons
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker