indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
strength; power; proficiency; ability
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
increasing; uploading; posting (e.g. content); close-up; finishing shooting (of a film, etc.); upswept hairstyle; being up (i.e. leading in sports)
hokora; small wayside shrine
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
stage; step; level; rank; order; stairs
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
spear; lance; javelin; lance; (arch.) jeering
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
by means of; due to; because of; according to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic