indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
exit; gateway; way out; outlet; vent; leak
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
year in which an imperial memorial ceremony is held (the 3rd, 5th, 10th 20th, 50th and 100th years after death and every 100 years thereafter)
welcome!; nice to see you!
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
progress; pace; carriage; step; stage
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to peep (through); to peek; to await (one's chance); to guess; to infer
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
double suicide; lovers' suicide
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to guess; to sense; to presume; to sympathize with; to sympathise with
to say; to tell; to state; to do
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble