indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
elder brother; one's senior; dashing young man; gallant young lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
news programme; news program
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
well-informed person; thinking person; intelligent person
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
serious; severe; grave; acute
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
gossip; corner of the mouth
to raise; to lift; to hang up; to raise prices (artificially, deliberately)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
world; society; people; the public
to make merry; to be festive
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how long; how much; to what extent
danger; peril; hazard; risk
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be too numerous; to be too much
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
simply put; putting it simply; in short
stork (esp. the Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for