indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
protection; defense; providence; amulet; charm
healthy; sound; wholesome
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
regulations; rules; (local) regulation; ordinance; bylaw
extract; excerpt; selection
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
thirty-first day of the month; thirty-one days
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
ordinance-designated city
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
chapter one; first chapter
to affect adversely; to have a negative influence (on)
regulation; (traffic) policing; control; restriction
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
anyone; any person; whoever
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
without authority; without reason; unnecessarily; recklessly; indiscriminately
morbid; unhealthful; insalubrious
expression; presentation; representation; notation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
public order and morals; social standards; public policy
rearing; training; nurture; cultivation; promotion
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law
to write down; to note; to jot down; to remember
to apply correspondingly; to correspond to; to be proportionate to; to conform to
the same; the said; likewise
laws and ordinances; acts (of parliament, congress, etc.)
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...