illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
Shangdi (supreme deity in ancient Chinese religion); God; Shakra (king of heaven in Hindu mythology); Indra
single; simple; sole; individual; unitary
fort; stronghold; fortification
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dominion; territory; possession
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have; to possess; to own; to be endowed with
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
rule; reign; government; governing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
Imperial Diet; legislative assembly of Japan (1889-1947); Imperial Diet; legislative assembly of the Holy Roman Empire
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle
formulation (of a plan, policy, etc.); decision; settling on
call; visit; inquiry; enquiry; question
through; throughout; through (the good offices of); by way of
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
fault; error; going poorly; being disadvantageous; un-; non-
conception; idea; thought; samjna (perception)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency