indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
common crossbill (Loxia curvirostra)
Alice; Alliss; Alyce; Arisu
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
government office; agency; board
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
in that way; thus; so; so?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
before one's own eyes; from under one's very nose; without doing anything; without resistance; helplessly; negligently
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to