great emperor; ... the Great
sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
action of making something; -ification
modern state; modern nation
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
intellectual; educated person; intelligentsia
permeation (of thought, ideology, culture, etc.); infiltration (e.g. of ideas); permeation (of a liquid, etc.); soaking; osmosis
to content oneself with; to be resigned to (one's fate); to be contented (satisfied) with (one's lot)
blind (devotion, faith, etc.); reckless
oppression; suppression; pressure
Decembrist (19th century Russian revolutionary)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
commencing with; including
scoring combination of a 9 and a 1 in oicho-kabu
crushing to death; crushing (hope, freedom, etc.); suppression; quashing
imperial government; imperialism; monarchical rule
scholar of literature; literary person; man of letters; writer
opposition; resistance; insubordination; defiance; hostility; rebellion
luxurious; magnificent; extravagant; sumptuous
the people; citizens; the populace
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
individualism; egoism; selfishness
idea; conception; way of thinking; approach; expression
small number; few; minority
cooperative body; cooperative system; collective; community
general public; the masses
illiteracy; illiterate person; an illiterate
rate; ratio; proportion; percentage
pressure; encouragement; urging; promoting
will; desire; ambition; urge (e.g. creative urge)
dimension; perspective; point of reference; level (of something)
more; much more; step; rung; paragraph; passage