indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
office work; clerical work; administration; business; affairs
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to call for somebody; to come for someone; to pick someone up
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
tedium; boredom; dullness; to feel bored; to get bored with; to get tired of
everyday; daily; ordinary; usual; routine; regular
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
of the time; at the time; of the hour; in vogue; sought after
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
mixture; jumble; cord made by entwining threads of various colours
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed