indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to face; to go towards; to head towards
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to begin to write; to start writing; to write out (e.g. on a blackboard); to extract (and write down); to write down (the important parts); to export
Fukushima prefecture (Tōhoku area)
appearance; look; a 'seeming' that fortune-tellers relate to one's fortune; aspect; phase (e.g. solid, liquid and gaseous)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
just as; in the act of; as soon as; at the moment that
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
to feel; to sense; to experience
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
innumerable; countless; numberless
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lie on top of one another; to be in a heap
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
cloudy sky; overcast sky; cloudy weather
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
common gull (Larus canus); mew gull; gull (Laridae spp.); seagull
remains; traces; (the sorrow of) parting; end
(one) leaf; (one) petal; piece (of paper); flake (of snow)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
March; third month of the lunar calendar