indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
while; during; while; although; all; both
to repeat; to do over again
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bitter smile; wry smile; strained laugh; sarcastic laugh
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(time of) one's childhood; when one was a child
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
for example; for instance; e.g.
popular person; favorite; favourite
fox with supernatural powers; fox spirit
suffix for familiar person
honor student; honours student; model student; prize pupil
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to push (something) out; to jut out (can have a negative nuance); to protrude; to rise out the trap door (on stage)
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
branch; bough; limb; twig; sprig; spray
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so