to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
so; like this; in this way
ugly; unattractive; unsightly; unseemly
servant; manservant; menial
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
lunch break; noon recess; noon rest period
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to summon courage; to be brave
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)