indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
police; police officer; police station
Japan Self-Defense Forces; JSDF; self-defence force; self-defense force
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law
feelings; emotion; compassion; sympathy; passion; affection
restriction; restraint; binding; constraint
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
pistol; handgun; revolver
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to reach; to amount to; to be up to the task; to come up to; to compare with; to be a match (for)
tank (military vehicle); chariot
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be sooty; to be stained
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to cry and shout; to scream
to run about trying to escape
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pardon; forgiveness; tolerance; leniency; mercy; going easy (on someone)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to trample; to crush underfoot
lump; mass; group; crowd; embodiment (of an idea, quality, feeling etc.); personification
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
diminutive; dwarfish; pygmy; narrow (e.g. thinking); small
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)