actual existence; real existence; existing in real life
feudal era; feudal times; feudal period; feudal age; age of feudalism
hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants in Edo society
distinction; differentiation; discrimination; discrimination (against people)
eta; group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses
group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants); non-human
latent; hidden; secret; behind the scenes
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
influential person; powerful person; big wheel; big gun; power behind the throne
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
the lower classes; the common people
general public; the masses
true state; actual condition; reality
related to; in relation to; as far as ... is concerned
simple; artless; naive; unsophisticated
to be very far apart from; to be remote; to be quite different from
industry; (arch.) livelihood; (arch.) occupation
monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity; hogging; keeping to oneself
manufacture and sales; vertical integration
financial power; financial means; wealth
average; medium; mid-grade (item); regular grade; same level as; equal to
under control (e.g. of territory)
power; authority; jurisdiction
as (for); for; in the capacity of
cunning deed; sly trick; foul play; cunning person; sly fellow; cheat
natural; understandable; reasonable; no wonder
to be loath to; to balk at (doing); to grudge (doing); to take (good) care of
promotion; encouragement; fostering; unwanted help (usu. unintentionally harmful); unnecessary help
all times and places; all ages and countries
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
the two views (of an object) referring to the same thing; being inseparable like the two sides of an object; two sides of the same coin
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
finance business; moneylending business
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
to find out; to discover; to select; to pick out; to look out (from the inside); to be wide-eyed (in surprise, anger, etc.)
sensitive (person, heart, etc.); delicate (issue, problem, etc.); sensitive; fragile; delicate; delicate (fabric, shade, flavour, etc.)
childish; child-like; immature; infantile
to get fed up with; to get sick of; to become disgusted with
vast; huge; immense; malva nut (Sterculia lychnophora)