illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
smooth; shiny; slippery; greasy; slurping (noodles)
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
slightly; lightly; thinly; faintly; dimly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hang over; to cover; to lie over; to fall on one's shoulders; to become one's responsibility; to become a burden
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to step firmly; to harden by treading
ceremony held at the end of a school term; end-of-term ceremony
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
major cleanup; spring cleaning
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
empty; void; vain; fruitless; lifeless
to decline (in prosperity); to become deserted; to become desolate; to taper off (of a sound)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
spring break; spring vacation
school building; schoolhouse
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
clanging; empty; deserted
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
various; diverse; divergent; each according to one's own wishes
individual; private person; personal; private
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to go past; to pass; to pass by
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)