country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
success; prosperity; boom
nearby (one's seat); (by) one's side; Dear (Mr./Mrs.)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
royal capital; imperial capital
judging from; on the basis of; from the point of view of
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
rural area; countryside; the sticks; hometown
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
same; similar; (just) like; equal
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sweat; perspiration; moisture; condensation; gulp; oops
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
filth (esp. excrement, feces, urine); muck; waste; garbage; dirt; dust
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hang over; to shroud; to enshroud; to envelop; to screen
store interior; inside of a shop
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
manual labor; manual labour; toil; Labour Party
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
master; boss; stable master; craftsman; artisan; (arch.) foster parent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
we; us; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to a group of one's equals or inferiors)